Allergies cause sneezing, wheezing, pain, congestion, rashes, and itching, at the very least. At worst, allergies can lead to anaphylaxis, a systemic overreaction to allergens, which can be fatal. Whether an allergy is caused by plants, chemicals or foods, it is helpful to know the symptoms of each type of allergy in order to know what substances to avoid. When allergens cannot be avoided, as pollen and insect allergies, determining the allergen means you will more easily find the correct treatment.
Types
Allergies to airborne irritants, such as pollen, pet dander, or mold are among the most common allergies. Skin allergies to plants, soaps, dyes or other chemicals are also fairly common, as are food allergies. According to the FDA, food allergy is most commonly caused by eggs, fish, milk, wheat, peanuts, tree nuts, crabs, shrimp (and other crustaceans), and soybeans.
Symptoms
Pollen allergies cause respiratory symptoms similar to colds. Sneezing, coughing and irritated eyes are all common symptoms of allergy to pollen. These allergies, although uncomfortable, are not usually life-threatening; however, asthmatics may experience dangerous asthma attacks.
Food allergy symptoms range from digestive problems (stomach cramps, diarrhea and vomiting) and skin rashes (hives) to full-blown anaphylaxis, a dangerous reaction that causes swelling of tissues and constriction of the airways. Anaphylaxis can quickly lead to circulatory collapse and death.
Skin allergies appear as red itchy rashes in areas that have contacted the allergen. Contrary to this, rashes all over the body usually indicate an internal, full-body allergic reaction, such as occurs with food allergies. Dyes and perfumes in soaps and detergents are common causes of skin allergies, though some people are more sensitive to plants.
Prevention/Solution
The first step in preventing allergy symptoms is to find out what to avoid. Food allergies, if not severe, may go undiscovered for years if the symptoms are mild and no connection between the food and the symptom is readily seen. A scratch test (or prick test) helps determine specific substances you may be allergic to. In these tests skin is scratched and a small amount of the common allergen is placed on the skin. Localized redness, itching and rash indicates you are allergic.
Treatment
Respiratory allergies and skin allergies often respond well to non-prescription antihistamines. Topical antihistamine creams are sometimes all that is necessary for some skin allergy rashes.
Allergy shots bring some relief to those with chronic or severe allergies to pollen, dust, mold, and insect stings. The more serious allergic reaction, anaphylaxis, is first treated with an epinephrine injection, followed by supportive care. In severe cases, an emergency tracheotomy may be required to open the airway. Hospitalization is necessary until symptoms have completely passed.
Considerations
Severe allergic reactions can occur suddenly, without warning. You may develop an allergy to bee stings over time, for example, and suddenly experience a dangerous reaction after being stung again. Get prompt care for anyone showing anaphylaxis symptoms. These include swelling, difficulty breathing, and rash.
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